中国农业工程学会
农业工程学是综合物理、生物等基础科学和机械、电子等工程技术而形成的一门多学科交叉的综合性科学与技术。农业工程学科以复杂的农业系统为对象，研究农业生物、工程措施、环境变化等的互作规律，并以先进的工程和工业手段促进农业生物的繁育、生长、转化和利用。农业工程科学技术是实现农业现代化的重要物质基础和科技保障，也是建设现代农业和社会主义新农村最关键的科学技术领域之一。农业工程学科的发展对于促进农业生产和增长方式以及农民生活方式的根本性变革，保护生态环境，高效集约节约使用自然资源和生产要素，实现经济社会可持续发展等方面均发挥着不可替代的重要作用。
自从有了农业，就随之产生了创造工具、改进生产条件和手段的农业工程技术。数千年来，我国古代的农业工程技术对农业发展、悠久古代文明和社会进步的影响十分突出。进入现代，先进工业技术不断被引用农业领域，促进了农业工程科学技术的快速发展。
目前，我国农业工程学科作为工学门类下属的一级学科，已经具备了一定的规模,，已经形成了中专、大专、本科、硕士、博士等多层次的人才培养体系。全国已有70余所高校设有农业工程类本科专业，8所高校具有农业工程一级学科博士学位授予权，11所高校中设有17个农业工程二级学科博士学位授予点，38所高校和科研单位中设有62个二级学科硕士学位授予点；在4所高等院校中，有5个二级学科被批准为重点建设的国家级重点学科。学科发展总体上居于发展中国家的领先水平。近十多年来，国际、国内学术交流合作非常活跃，已在国际上具有较大影响。
学科的研究领域大体可归纳为下列几个方面：
1）农业机械化工程。综合应用机械、农学、经济、资源环境和管理知识，研究机器、土壤和作物互作规律以及机械化、资源与环境互作规律，研究农牧业机器设计与运用的理论与技术、农牧业机械化生产与管理理论与技术、农牧业机械设计制造理论与技术以及机器运用修理，研究机械化农牧业生产、农业机械化企业管理（微观）和农业机械化战略规划（宏观）等。
2）农业水土工程。以土壤学与作物学、水文气象学、水力学、工程力学为理论基础和技术基础，重点研究灌溉排水理论与新技术、农业水资源可持续利用理论与技术、农业水土环境保护与修复理论及关键技术、农业水土工程建设理论与新技术、高新技术在农业水土工程现代化管理中的应用和农业水土工程经济、政策、法规和技术标准等，覆盖范围较广、学科交叉性很强。
3）农业生物环境工程。主要研究农业生物与环境因子及环境工程间相互作用的规律，并利用高效、经济、节能的工程技术手段为动植物生长发育提供最有利的环境条件，涉及动植物生产工艺模式、动植物生长环境、农业建筑设施、节能型环境调控、农业废弃物资源化、无害化利用等方面。
4）农村能源工程。主要研究对象是农村地区所特有、可以就近开发利用的能源资源。研究内容包括农村生活节能和农村生产节能理论与技术，农业废弃物能源化利用，太阳能、风能、地热能等新能源和可再生能源的开发与利用，农村能源经济、政策、规划与标准等。
5）农业电气化与自动化。重点研究农村电力系统设计、规划、管理与综合自动化理论与技术，农村电网新技术，农村新能源发电技术，农村电气化发展战略，精细农业智能信息技术与系统集成，农业自动化检测与控制技术，水电站动力设备的优化与过渡过程和小水电站自动化，农业智能化信息与网络技术等。
6）农产品加工工程。重点研究农产品收获后的清选、分级与包装等产地商品化处理技术，饲料加工工艺和机械，农副产品干燥理论与技术装备，农副产品加工新原理、新技术和新设备，农产品质量分析检测与安全性评价等。
7）土地利用工程。以生态系统平衡为理论依据，根据国民经济和各项生产建设发展的需要、因地制宜地采用工程措施和生物措施，对土地进行科学开发、利用、治理和保护。研究目的主要服务于现代农业、绿色农业、持续农业下的有关土地开发、土地整理、土地复垦、集约节约用地等工程活动。研究内容包括水蚀、沙化土壤的防治，盐渍化、沼泽化、贫瘠化土壤的改良，污染土壤的修复，耕地保护与利用，以及土地的集约节约利用等。
8）农业系统工程。运用运筹学、控制理论、经济计量学、投入产出分析、系统模拟等理论和方法，研究农业区划、农业发展战略和发展规划、作物布局、作物栽培技术、畜群结构、饲料配方、森林合理采伐和迹地更新、农机具优化设计、农机具合理配备、农村建筑优化设计、水利工程最优规划设计、土地利用规划、作物病虫害测报和防治、农业气象测报等。
半个多世纪以来，中国农业工程学科的发展和先进农业工程科学技术的广泛应用对于促进农业增效、农民增收以及农业和农村经济的发展，对于促进传统农业向现代农业的转变做出了重要贡献。
农业机械装备技术的新发明与技术创新，推动了现代农业装备制造业的快速发展和大规模农业机械化的实践；农业水土资源开发、改良、利用与管理技术的不断进步，为建立高产、稳产农田提供了保障；收获后工艺与加工技术的完善，为保障消费者对高品质农产品需求与不断开拓生物产品利用新领域，促进农产品增值产业的快速发展做出了贡献；农业生物环境与能源工程的科技进步，推动了现代设施园艺与工厂化养殖产业的快速发展和新能源开发利用技术的创新性实践；电力在农业中的迅速应用与普及，促进了农业生产发展和农村社会进步，并使得基于电气、电子、信息工程科技的自动化、信息化技术开始快速应用于农业装备与生物生产过程的自动控制与管理。
农业机械化科学技术的广泛应用，改变了我国农业生产的传统方式，极大地提高了农业劳动生产率和农产品质量，降低了农产品生产成本，有效增强了农业综合生产能力和农业生产的抗逆能力，促进了农业增长方式的转变和农业文明生产，为农业就业结构改善和农村劳动力向第三产业转移创造了有利条件。2004年《中华人民共和国农业机械化促进法》正式实施，将国家扶持农机化的有关政策和措施上升为法律规范，进一步确立了农业机械化在我国农业、农村经济发展中的地位和作用。生物节水、工程节水和管理节水技术，大大提高了水土资源利用的效率和效益，提高了水土资源的承载能力。农村电力、电网采用新技术、新材料、新装备、新工艺降损节能，显著提高了农村电力生产和管理的自动化水平。“精准农业”和“数字农业”技术的自主创新，明显缩短了与国际上差距，对提高我国农业整体现代化水平具有重大意义。工厂化农业配套工程技术的不断进步，为我国设施蔬菜生产用20%的菜田面积，提供了40%的蔬菜产量、60%的产值做出了突出贡献。农村沼气、省柴节煤炉具、民用新型液体燃料、生物质能、太阳能热利用及户用发电系统、小型风力发电等农村能源技术的开发利用，发挥了良好的经济、社会和生态效益，为解决广大农村的能源供应问题、促进可再生能源的广泛应用和能源可持续发展发挥了重要作用。农产品加工工艺与保鲜、贮存、加工、检测等设备的技术创新，为延长产业链、减少采后损失、提高附加值、增加农民收入提供了强有力的技术和装备支撑。土地开发整理、土地复垦、集约节约用地等土地利用工程技术的新突破，为促进土地资源节约集约利用和社会经济可持续发展提供了坚实的科技支撑。
2005至2006年度，滴灌灌水器基于迷宫流道流动特性的抗堵设计及一体化开发方法、地面机械脱附减阻仿生技术、玉米芯酶法制备低聚木糖3项成果分别荣获了国家技术发明二等奖，新型秸秆揉切机系列产品研制与开发、西北地区农业高效用水技术与示范、节水农业技术研究与示范、宁夏干旱地区节水灌溉关键技术研究与应用、西北地区农业高效用水原理与技术研究及应用、马铃薯综合加工技术与成套装备研究开发、农业专家系统研究及应用等7项成果荣获了国家科技进步二等奖，此外，还有一大批科技成果在实际生产中得到了广泛应用并获得省部级科技成果奖励。
农业工程学科现有中国工程院院士7名，教育部“长江学者奖励计划”特聘教授2名，国家杰出青年基金获得者2名，全国百篇优秀博士论文获得者4名、全国优秀博士论文提名论文获得者5名；拥有国家重点实验室1个，国家工程技术研究中心5个，教育部重点实验室3个、教育部工程技术研究中心1个，农业部重点开放实验室6个、农业部研究中心3个，此外还有一批省级重点实验室和研究中心。近两年来，先后主办和承办国内学术会议17次，国际学术会议3次。多名学科骨干受邀担任国际学术组织重要职务，学术交流与合作十分广泛；出版重要学术专著和教材6部。目前，国内发表农业工程学科学术论文的期刊共有73种，其中核心期刊14种，据不完全统计，2005年国内各类刊物共发表农业工程方面的学术论文9149篇。
进入21世纪，生物技术与信息技术快速发展，正在引导着一场新的农业科技革命。农业工程学科在新的农业科技革命与经济全球化的推动下，已突破传统模式，在材料、产品、工艺、装备、手段等方面不断更新，在学科基础、时间域和空间域多方向上的变化日趋明显；学科交叉与融合更加广泛，研究尺度向两极不断延伸，可持续发展战略思想日趋深入，研究领域进一步拓展，研究内容更加纵深化和精细化，构成了农业工程学科发展的主要趋势和特征，推动着农业工程科学技术不断深入发展，正引导着传统的生产观念和生产模式发生根本转变。
关键词：农业工程 发展报告 农业机械化 农业水土工程、农业生物环境工程、农村能源、农业电气化与自动化 精细农业 数字农业 土地利用工程
Abstract
Agricultural engineering is a comprehensive cross-discipline of such sciences as physics and biology and engineering technologies such as mechanics and electronics. With focus on agricultural system, the agricultural engineering studies the interaction between agricultural species, engineering measures, and environmental changes, and promotes the breeding, growth, conversion, and utilization of agricultural species with advanced engineering and technical measures. Agricultural engineering science is an important physical basis and scientific assurance for agricultural modernization, and also a key area for building modern agriculture and socialist new countryside. The development of agricultural engineering exercises irreplaceable functions in promoting essential changes in agriculture, growth model, and living patterns of farmers, protecting environment, efficiently and intensively utilizing natural resources and production elements, and achieving socio-economic sustainability.
Agricultural engineering technologies appeared for making tools and improving production conditions since the beginning of agriculture. For thousands of years, ancient agricultural engineering technologies had significant impact on the development of agriculture, long-standing civilization, and social progress. In modern times, more and more advanced industrial technologies are introduced into agriculture, leading to the fast development of agricultural engineering.
Currently China’s agricultural engineering has reached a certain scale as a first-class discipline under the category of engineering. It has formed a multi-level educational system including technical secondary school, junior college, undergraduate education, and master degree and doctor degree research. More than 70 universities have set up specialty of agricultural engineering at undergraduate level, 4 universities have the authority of conferring doctoral degree in agricultural engineering as first-class discipline, 11 universities have 17 doctoral degree programs in agricultural engineering as second-class discipline, and 38 universities and institutes have 62 master degree programs in agricultural engineering as second-class discipline. 5 second-class disciplines in four universities have been listed as key disciplines at national level. The overall development of agricultural engineering takes a leading position among developing countries. Many international and national academic exchanges have been carried out in recent years, with international applause.
The areas of research of agricultural engineering could be summarized as follows:
1) Agricultural Mechanization Engineering. With integration of knowledge from mechanics, agriculture, economics, resources environment and management, it studies the interaction between machinery, soil, and crops, the interaction between resources and environment, theory and technology of agricultural machinery design and utilization, theory and technology of agricultural mechanized production and management, theory and technology of agricultural machinery design, manufacture, utilization and maintenance, mechanization of agriculture and herd production, corporate management (micro level), and strategic planning (macro level) of agricultural mechanization.
2) Agricultural Soil & Water Engineering. With agrology, crop science, hydrometeorology, hydraulics, and engineering mechanics as theoretical and technical bases, it studies theory and new technology of Irrigation and drainage, theory and technology of sustainability of agricultural water resources, theory and key technology of agricultural soil & water environment protection and reparation, theory and new technology of agricultural soil & water engineering construction, application of new high-tech in modern management of agricultural soil & water engineering, and agricultural soil & water engineering economics, policy, laws and standards. Thus it covers a wide scope with a high cross-disciplinary feature.
3) Agricultural Bio-environment Engineering. It mainly studies the interaction between agricultural species, environmental factors, and environmental engineering, and provides favorable environment for growth of animals and plants with efficient, economical, and energy-saving engineering technologies. It involves technical patterns of animals and plants production, living environment of animals and plants, agricultural building facilities, energy-saving environmental regulation and control, recycling and bio-safe utilization of agricultural wastes.
4) Rural Energy Engineering. It mainly studies energy resources peculiar to rural areas, which could be exploited on-site. It studies energy saving theory and technology in rural life and production, utilization of agricultural wastes as energy, utilization of new energies and renewable energies such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and rural energy economics, policy, planning, and standards.
5) Agricultural Electrification and Automation. It emphatically studies theory and technology of rural electrical system design, planning, management, and comprehensive automation, new technology of rural power grid, technology of rural power generation with renewable energies, rural electrical development strategy, intelligent information technology and system integration for intensive agriculture, rural automatic testing and control technology, optimization and transient process of power devices in hydropower station, automation of small hydropower station, and agricultural intelligent information and network technology.
6) Agricultural Product Processing Engineering. It emphatically studies the on-site commercial processing technologies of agricultural products such as cleaning, grading, and packing after harvest, feed processing techniques and machinery, theory and technical equipment of agricultural products drying, new principles, new technologies, and new equipment for agricultural product processing, and quality analysis, testing and safety evaluation of agricultural products.
7) Land Use Engineering. On the basis of eco-system balance theory and out of the need for economic development, it adopts suitable engineering measures and biological measures and makes scientific exploitation, use, reclamation, and protection of land. It serves the engineering activities related to land exploitation, land consolidation, land reclamation, and intensive land use in modern agriculture, green agriculture, and sustainable agriculture. It studies prevention of soil erosion and land desertification, improvement of salinized soil, swamping soil, and degraded soil, restoration of contaminated soil, protection and utilization of arable land, and intensive use of land.
8) Agricultural Systems Engineering. Using such theories and approaches as operations research, control theory, econometrics, input-output analysis, and system simulation, it studies agricultural regionalization, agricultural development strategy and planning, cropping pattern, crop cultivation technology, livestock population structure, feed formulation, reasonable forest harvesting and reforestation, optimized design of agricultural machinery, reasonable equipping of agricultural machinery, optimized design of rural buildings, optimized planning and design of hydro projects, land use planning, monitoring and prevention of crop diseases and pests, and meteorological observation and forecast.
For more than fifty years, with the development of agricultural engineering in China, the wide application of advanced agricultural engineering technology has greatly helped to increase agricultural efficiency and farmers’ income, to promote the development of agriculture and rural economy, and to realize the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture.
The inventions in agricultural machinery and equipment, together with technical innovation, have helped to promote the development of modern agricultural equipment manufacturing and the practice of large-scale mechanization of agriculture. The exploitation, improvement and utilization of agricultural soil and water resources, and the advancement of management technology, have provided guarantee for the establishment of high and stable yield farmland. The improvement of post-harvest and processing technology has helped to guarantee consumers’ need for agricultural products with high quality, to cultivate new fields for the utilization of bio-products, and to promote the development of value-added industry for agricultural products. The technological advancement in agricultural and biological environment and energy engineering, has promoted the development of modern facility gardening and factory-scale breeding industry, and the innovative practice of technology for the exploitation and utilization of new energy resources. The wide application of electric power in agriculture is of great help for the development of agriculture and social progress in rural areas. Consequently, automation and information technology, which is based on electric, electronic and information engineering, has been widely applied in automatic control and management of agricultural equipment and bio-production process.
The wide application of agricultural machinery technology has changed the traditional way of agricultural production in China, enhanced agricultural labor productivity and the quality of agricultural products, reduced cost of agricultural products, strengthened comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and resistant ability of agricultural production, promoted the transformation of agricultural growth mode and civilized production of agriculture, and created favorable conditions for the improvement of employment environment in agriculture and for the transfer of rural labor force to the third industry. Law of the People's Republic of China on Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization was formally implemented in 2004. Relevant national policies and measures to support mechanization of agriculture were made into law, which further consolidated the role of agricultural mechanization in the development of agriculture and rural economy in China. Biological, engineering and management water-saving technology has greatly enhanced water and soil use efficiency and benefits, and strengthened carrying capacity of water and soil resources. In order to reduce power loss and save energy, new technology, new material, new equipment and new techniques have been used in rural electric power and rural electric network. Technological innovation of “Precision Agriculture” and “Digital Agriculture” is close to internationally advanced level, and is of great significance for the enhancement of agricultural modernization in China. The advancement in the technology of factory-scale agricultural complementary works has contributed a lot to the development of facility vegetable industry in China, which uses 20% area of vegetable fields to provide 40% vegetable output and 60% production value. The development and application of rural energy technology, such as marsh gas, coal-saving stoves, new type of domestic liquid fuel, bio-energy, solar energy heat application, household power generation system, and small wind turbine generators, has exerted favorable economic, social and ecological benefits, and played a key role in solving the problem of energy supply in rural areas, and promoting energy sustainability and wide application of renewable energy sources. Technological innovation in relevant equipment and in the processing, fresh-keeping, storage and test of agricultural products, has provided technological and equipment guarantee for the extension of industry chain, the reduction of post-harvest loss, the increase of added value, and the increase of farmers’ income. Breakthroughs in engineering technology of land utilization, such as land exploitation and arrangement, land reclamation, intensive land utilization, and land-saving, have provided solid technical support for the promotion of intensive land utilization, land-saving, and economic sustainability.
During 2005-2006, three achievements won the second-class honor of National Scientific Invention Prize. They were: Anti-clogging Design and Integrated Development of Emitter Based on the Flow Behavior in Labyrinth Channel, Bionic Technology of Anti-adhesion and Drag Reduction for Terrain Machines, and Preparation of Xylooligosaccharides from Corncobs by Enzymolysis. Seven achievements won the second-class honor of State-level Scientific & Technological Achievement Prize. They were: Research & Development of Series Products of New Type of Straw Rubbing and Cutting Machine, Technology and Demonstration of High-efficient Water Utilization in Agriculture in Northwest China, Study and Demonstration of the Water-saving Technology in Agriculture, Study and Application of Key Technology on Water-saving Irrigation in Ningxia Drought Area, Study and Application of Principle and Technology of High-efficient Water Utilization in Agriculture in Northwest China, Research and Development of Comprehensive Technology and Equipment for Potato Processing, and Research and Application of Agricultural Expert System. Besides, a large number of other scientific and technological achievements have been widely used in the process of production, and have won provincial and ministerial level of scientific & technological achievement prize.
Many talents are researching on agricultural engineering, including seven academicians of China Engineering Academy, two Changjiang Scholarship professors, two winners of "National Outstanding Youth Foundation", four winners of “100 Excellent Dissertations in China”, and five winners of “Nomination of Excellent Dissertations in China”. In this discipline there are one national key laboratory, five national engineering technology research centers, three key laboratories of ministry of education, one engineering technology research center of ministry of education, six key laboratories of ministry of agriculture, three research centers of ministry of agriculture, and some provincial-level key laboratories and research centers. In the past two years, 17 national conferences and 3 international ones were organized in China. Some distinguished professors were invited to take important posts in international academic organizations, and there were a lot of academic exchange and cooperation activities. Six important monographs and textbooks were published. Currently in China there are 73 magazines (including 14 core journals), which publish academic papers in aspect of agricultural engineering. According to incomplete statistics, in 2005, 9,149 academic papers in aspect of agricultural engineering were published in various types of publications in China.
In 21st century, the rapid development of biological technology and information technology are leading a new agricultural technology revolution. Promoted by the new science and technology revolution and economic globalization in agriculture, the discipline of agricultural engineering has broken through its traditional mode. Some innovations have been achieved in aspects of material, products, techniques, equipment and methods. There is also obvious change in disciplinary base and in various directions of time domain and space domain. Agricultural engineering has become more interdisciplinary; relevant research is extending to two opposite directions; the strategic thought of sustainable development has been exerting more influence on the discipline; fields of research are extending; and the content of research has more theoretical depth and has become more specified. These are the major trends and characteristics of the development of agricultural engineering. Science and technology of agricultural engineering are becoming more and more penetrating and specified, which at the same time has led to a fundamental transformation of traditional concepts and modes of production.
Key Words: Agricultural Engineering, Development Report, Mechanization of Agriculture, Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, Agricultural and Biological Environment Engineering, Energy Sources in Rural Areas, Electrification and Automation of Agriculture, Precision Agriculture, Digital Agriculture, Land Use Engineering
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