中国电子学会
电子信息学科是一个涵盖范围广泛，发展迅速的学科。中国电子学会研究决定，2005－2006年度仅选择了广播电视、固体激光、雷达、微波、微电子、无线通信、信息安全和音视频信息处理等八个专题进行研究，并希望通过对这八个学科的研究，能够将电子信息学科2005-2006年度中发展变化最快、影响最深远的事件反映出来。
在数字音视频信息处理和数字电视领域，2006年中国颁布了两个影响深远的标准。2006年2月国家颁布了AVS数字音视频编码压缩的国家标准GB/T 20090.2，并于同年3月1日起正式实施，这是数字音视频编码压缩的信源标准，是与数字电视、网络电视、手机电视、激光视盘等众多应用相关的共性基础标准。2006年8月18日国家又颁布了数字电视地面广播国家标准GB 20600－2006，同年还颁布了两个数字广播的行业标准：数字声音广播GY/T 214-2006 、移动多媒体广播第1部分GY /T 220.1-2006标准。这些标准的颁布和开始实施，特别是标准中包含的多项我国自主发展的核心专利技术，标志着我国科学家和工程技术人员在相关领域的研究中走进了世界前列，我国的相关产业从此可能走上“由大到强”、创新发展的道路，因此受到国际组织和世界各国的普遍关注与重视。
我国制定的AVS标准被认为是当前国际上最重要的三个先进视频编码标准之一。AVS标准的创新包括技术创新和知识产权管理创新：标准中包含了50多项我国自主的核心专利技术；也包括了受到ITU和ISO/IEC等国际标准组织高度关注的、先进的AVS专利池设定与管理模式。标准能否促进产业发展，还要看技术和产品开发能否跟上，我国企业已经相继开发出AVS实时编码器、AVS高清解码芯片、AVS机顶盒、AVS解码软件等产品。在IPTV、移动多媒体广播和地面广播数字电视等领域的开始应用。数字电视发射机制造企业已能生产我国发展数字电视广播所需的广播发射机；接收机制造企业则解决了大批量生产数字电视机的技术难关，将有力支持我国在2015年全面转向数字电视广播这一目标的实现，我国开始从“电视大国”向“电视强国”转变。
除音视频编解码技术外，2005～2006年度国内外在视频分析与多媒体检索技术、数字版权管理技术、流媒体技术等方面也取得了一些研究和应用进展。开展了基于语义的图像、音频和视频智能分析与检索技术，以及和面向多种媒体的跨媒体搜索技术研究，新的多媒体搜索领域不断出现，包括以播客（podcast或audioblog）为主要搜索内容的播客检索，以视客（Videoblog）为主要搜索内容的视客检索，以及面向IPTV业务的IPTV搜索等。
高清数字电视、网络电视、高级音响设备、移动多媒体、第三代与第四代移动通信的发展，都给数字音视频产业的发展带来了前所未有的重大机遇，市场空间巨大。
2005－2006年，我国在固体激光研究、应用等领域取得了许多可喜的进展，主要有：全固态激光、深紫外激光、巨型高功率大能量激光、超快激光、超强超短脉冲激光应用、激光显示等。
我国全固态激光（DPSSL）的研制已有多年的历史，近两年在LD阵列的亮度、效率、寿命、冷却等方面的研究有了明显进展，半导体激光二极管（LD）性能获得明显改进，DPSSL系统的的研发应用散热技术有了突破性进展，全部采用国产元器件、连续输出绿光激光功率>100 W，无故障连续工作时间>200 h的DPSSL，实现了批量生产。
克服固体激光器“热效应”的又一重大进展是研制成功高功率光纤激光器。2006年7月，我国高平均功率光纤激光器的平均输出功率达1.2 kW，光-光斜效率79.3 %，达到国际先进水平。
热容激光器总输出能量与国际最高水平相比还有差距，但却具有若干创新性的设计，在一定程度上减轻了热容激光器的缺点。采用全国产元器件，LD端面泵浦φ70 mm的Nd:GGG，单个模块输出1.5 kW，泵浦功率600 W，η = 25％，工作时间为1秒钟。
飞秒激光是一项具有划时代意义的新技术。近两年，天津大学在飞秒激光的非线性频率变换、太赫兹产生等应用研究获得重要进展。
在超强超短脉冲激光方面，2005-2006年，中国工程物理研究院在建成的SILEX-I装置上进行了大量实验研究工作，包括电子加速、质子加速、团簇产生中子、超短X光源、飞秒激光大气传输、飞秒激光损伤机理、材料动力学特性等实验研究。取得了一批重要的研究成果，如产生近109 eV电子束，观察到高功率密度时相对论等离子体的新奇物理现象和特征, 为国际学术界所瞩目。
在巨型高功率大能量激光方面，在惯性约束聚变研究领域，在深紫外激光晶体生长、应用方面，在高平均功率激光晶体生产，以及大屏幕激光全色显示系统研制，2005－2006年度都取得了重大进展。
雷达技术在国民经济建设、社会发展、科学研究和国防安全等方面有重要应用，雷达技术为载人航天、洪涝灾害监测、三峡工程和西部大开发提供了服务；监测和预测灾害性天气、港口管理、空中交通管制中雷达作用巨大，国防安全更是离不开各种各样高性能雷达。
我国的雷达技术发展到今天，已显著缩小了与国际先进水平的差距。总起来说，地（海）面雷达技术已达到相当高的水平，机载雷达技术取得了很大进展，星载雷达技术也有一个良好的开端。其中，机载合成孔径雷达（SAR）技术已从单一的X波段发展到P、L、S、X、Ku波段，从单极化发展到多极化，分辨率从十米级提高到了米级，测绘带宽从几公里发展到几十公里。空间和空中探测雷达越来越多地采用了相控阵技术，相控阵技术已从无源相控阵发展到了有源相控阵。气象雷达技术发展很快，已研制成功各种频段和各种体制的测风雷达和测雨雷达（也称天气雷达）。
2005-2006年度雷达学科的新进展和应用主要有如下几个方面。在微波遥感成像雷达方面：先进机载合成孔径雷达关键技术和设备取得了重大进展；多极化多频段机载合成孔径雷达技术在地形测绘中获得实际应用；星载合成孔径雷达L波段技术已应用于遥感卫星，S波段技术和X波段技术也取得了新进展。其中，机载合成孔径雷达技术已接近国际先进水平，星载合成孔径雷达技术在多参数（多频段、多极化）和多模式（条带SAR、聚束SAR、扫描SAR、干涉SAR等）方面与国际先进水平还有较大差距。在空间和空中探测方面：深空探测雷达系统技术、中远程固态有源相控阵雷达系统技术、数字相控阵技术和光控相控阵技术都取得了重要进展；微波低频段有源相控阵雷达技术在条件复杂、要求苛刻的领域获得了实际应用。这些成果都接近或达到了国际先进水平，但是在微波高频段有源相控阵雷达技术方面，与美国已在实际应用X波段有源相控阵雷达技术相比有较大差距。在气象雷达方面：新一代多普勒天气雷达的布网应用、边界层风廓线雷达技术、测风激光雷达技术和车载式X波段全相参多普勒偏振雷达技术都取得了新进展，达到了国际先进水平。 在交通管制雷达方面：S波段固态一次监视雷达、单脉冲二次监视雷达和港口监视雷达等取得了重要进展，其系统性能达到了国际先进水平。
微波技术在一系列新的挑战中得到了发展：在电磁理论和数值方法方面，国内在基于MOM的快速多极（FMA）和多层快速多极（MLFMA）算法及相关混合算法的研究方面取得进展，但在FDTD的多重网格、PEEC（部分等效元法）的全波全介质应用、时域有限元、时域积分方程方法(TDIE)以及各种高效混合数值方法等方面有待进一步研究。电磁场可视化技术亦是当前研究的重点之一。
在微波集成技术方面，在高频率、小尺寸、高集成度、低成本器件研究和专用测试、高频封装技术研究方面得到了长足的进步。半导体技术在低成本的RF CMOS技术、化合物半导体、和SiGe材料方面的发展是当前的热点。SoC技术和SiP技术的得到了进一步发展，测量技术也相应快速发展。无源电路集成领域的LTCC技术的发展及其前景值得关注。
在天线和天线阵列、电波传播方面，无线通信系统在频谱效率、信息容量和传输速率等方面的发展，对天线提出了更高的要求，多频段/宽带移动终端天线、可重构天线、超宽带/短脉冲天线、以及多输入多输出天线是研究的热点和有可能取得突破的领域。
在太赫兹（THz）技术方面，由于其具有的许多优越特性，有非常重要的学术和应用价值，也在近年得到了我国和世界各国的极大关注和广泛研究。我国在太赫兹辐射源和探测器、传输和聚焦等关键技术进行了深入研究，在最关键的高功率太赫兹辐射源方面取得进展。整合THz产生和检测系统搭建的THz时域光谱系统在检测领域得到了应用，我国在该方面实现了成功的应用。THz波的产生和探测这一前沿还有不少问题有待研究。
在新型人工电磁介质方面，以负折射率介质和电磁带隙结构为代表的新型人工电磁介质成为了非常热门的研究领域之一，人工电磁介质材料在微波领域有重要应用，人工电磁介质在天线、移相器、以及定向耦合器/滤波器中的应用前景广阔，是研究的重点。EBG结构在微波领域有巨大应用价值，但在小型化方面还有许多问题有待解决。
在空间微波遥感方面，微波遥感作为空间遥感发展最前沿的技术，可以在复杂的地球环境中，从多源海量数据获取科学的定量信息转化，在国民经济、国防技术、和人民社会生活中得到广泛应用。
我国在微波毫米波测试仪器等方面取得了重要进展；在微波应用方面，多天线技术、无线标签技术、以及光子微波技术是当前的热点研究方向。
微电子技术是信息产业的基础，发展微电子技术对建立持续稳定发展的国民经济体系和巩固现代化国防具有重要的战略意义。近年，我国十分重视微电子技术的发展，取得了令人瞩目的成就，建立了包括IC设计，芯片制造和封装测试在内的完整产业链，目前整个产业的规模位居世界第三。
在过去的两年里，特征尺寸缩小的步伐丝毫没有减慢，65nm技术已经在2006年上半年实现了量产，45nm技术正处于工艺导入阶段；主流工艺中的晶片尺寸已经达到12英吋，16英吋硅单晶也已经生长成功，工艺研发正在进行中。一方面，器件结构、器件理论、关键集成技术、微电子材料和封装测试方法等众多领域出现了很多新观点，新理论，新技术，在集成系统功能提高的同时，性价比也不断攀升。另一方面，由于硅基CMOS技术加工尺寸即将达到物理极限，对后摩尔定理时期微电子技术的探索也在积极进行中，纳电子学的研究取得了一定的进步，量子器件、单分子器件、自旋电子器件等相关研究日益活跃。此外，微电子技术和其他研究领域相结合诞生出了微机电系统（MEMS）和生物芯片，部分研究成果已开始产生经济效益。
相对于国际先进水平，我国微电子技术总体水平仍然比较落后，发达国家在关键技术领域对我国的封锁，决定了我们不可能完全依靠技术引进来发展微电子产业。十几年来的发展历程也说明：如果不掌握核心技术，我们只能处在产业链底端，生产低附加值产品，处处受制于人。在过去的两年里，我国在集成电路设计、微电子基础材料制备、微电子专用关键设备的研发等领域都取得了突破性的进展，出现了多项具有自主知识产权的研究成果，部分成果接近国际先进水平，显示了我们有信心也有能力，在未来的十至十五年中把我国建成微电子技术强国。
2005～2006年度国际上硅微电子技术领域的研究热点是，材料方面侧重于面向45nm以下技术节点、用于提高沟道电子迁移率的应变硅技术和减小栅漏电的高K介质叠层金属栅；器件结构方面则侧重于双栅FET（Field Effect Transistor）、FinFET和多栅FET。
信息化带来了许多新的生产模式和生活理念。信息社会改变着我们的行为、思维方式。信息社会中人们的生活中心将从工业社会的以社会为核心回归到以家庭和个人为核心，因此以人为中心提供无所不在的信息服务是未来通信网络的目标。无线通信也因此受到空前的关注。无线通信网把人从通信设备的束缚中解脱出来，使得信息可以自由联通，服务可以无处不在。 无处不在的无线网络逐渐成为用户与现实世界交互的重要接口，使我们得以随时随地根据个人环境信息查询、组织并使用种类繁多的服务，构建人与计算设备的和谐社会。
专用通信系统中，近年来，我国自主开发了基于GSM-R技术的GT800数字集群系统和CDMA技术的GOTA数字集群系统，能够满足大规模发展的需要。通用通信系统领域中，2005－2006年度国内移动通信技术的最具代表性的进展是第四代移动通信相关无线技术和信号处理技术的研究不断深入，我国第四代移动通信研究的部分成果通过RITT提交数十项国际标准提案，其中十多项提案被采纳。研究成果申请专利近两百个，其中包括：
• 协同分布式无线网络及高层协议技术相关专利31项；
• 宽带多载波传输与多址技术相关专利55项；
• 充分挖掘空间资源的MIMO无线传输技术相关专利26项；
• 逼近信道容量的信道编译码与迭代接收技术相关专利52项。
• 新型天线与射频技术相关专利20项。
随着计算机的广泛应用和计算机网络的普及，通过无线方式接入计算机网成为人们的迫切需求，由此引出了无线接入网的概念，无线城域网，无线个域网以及无线家庭网、无线传感网、RFID等都在近年蓬勃发展起来。
未来无线通信的发展趋势大致是：
• 移动宽带化和宽带移动化；
• 蜂窝移动通信与无线接入网进行网络融合、业务融合及接入综合，这是通信发展的主旋律；
• 基于IP的同一个核心网络平台上，通过网络的无缝切换，实现无处不在的最佳服务。
历史上，信息安全历经通信保密、信息系统安全和信息保障三个阶段。近年来，信息安全的概念有了深刻的外延，各国开始将信息安全视为国家安全的基石之一。中国的信息安全问题不仅有信息基础设施的脆弱性所引发的风险，还涉及滥用信息技术造成的政治、经济、军事、社会、文化等诸多方面的问题，因此，除信息与信息系统的保密性、完整性和可用性外，信息内容安全在我国也被看作信息安全的一项基本内容。
近年来，信息安全威胁的变化趋势具体体现在：恶意代码技术翻新；内部威胁上升；外包和供应链中的信息安全问题凸现；软、硬件自身故障成为重大信息安全隐患；非传统安全威胁特征更加明显。
信息安全是高技术的对抗，通过近年的努力已经初步具备了信息安全防护能力、隐患发现能力、网络应急反应能力和信息对抗能力，为国家信息安全提供了强有力的支撑。
近几年我国在信息安全学科取得的成就主要集中在如下领域：MD5与SHA-1哈希算法被攻破，我国首次公开密码算法SMS4，量子密码出现商业化产品，可信计算技术发展迅速，生物特征认证技术开始广泛使用，网络信任技术引起世界各国重视，无线局域网安全标准出台，基于IPv6的下一代互联网安全技术受到广泛研究并进行了大规模试验。
信息安全技术的进步促进了相关产业的发展。但虽然我国信息安全产业发展迅速，与先进国家相比差距正在缩小，但我国自主可控能力仍然不高。
总体而言，今后信息安全技术的发展方向将是在近几年：
1. 突出主权国家的战略需求。
2. 由被动防御转向积极防御（主动防御）。
3. 以可信计算技术为契机，创新安全体系结构。
4. 技术的集成化趋势更加明显。
电子信息学科涵盖面宽，发展迅速，想要在有限篇幅中全面阐述整个学科的进展，是一件相当困难的事。中国电子学会拟定在今后的学科发展研究中再选择其他分支，希望通过几年持续不断的努力，形成对整个电子信息学科进展的清晰认识。
Electronics and Information Technologies is one of the quickest developed areas among various scince and technology research fields. It is almost immposible describing fruitful results of this area in one article. In consideration of the wide range of electronics and information technologies we just selected eight special fields representing the development of 2005 and 2006. The fields we chosed are as follows: radio and television technology, solid laser, radar technology, wicrowave technology, wicro-electronics, wireless communications, information security, audio and video information processing. It is expected that we can study other fields of electronics and information technologies in succeeding years.
There were two symbolic progresses in China last year in the field of audio-video information processing, Advanced Audio-Video Coding Standard (short in AVS) part two (GB/T 20090.2.) and The national standard of digital terrestrial television broadcasting standard (GB 2600-2006) were announced. These two standards are recognized as the milestones of the development of Chinese digital AV industry.. Domestic companies and organnizations have made a lot of efforts to develop technologies and products which compliant with these standards. There are over 50 patents in AVS video standard owned by Chinese organizations. Many newly developed products have been used in different applications.
In 2005-2006, besides the audio-video coding technology, some other technical progresses and applications are also very significant, in the area of video analysis and multimedia retrieval, digital right management, streaming media. One of the hot topics in 2006 is video related R&D and application, including semantics based image and video analysis and intelligent retrieval, searching in cross media. The key techniques for mass production of DTV receivers are solved by domestic campanies.
DTV, HDTV, IPTV, Hi-Fi device, mobile TV, 3G and 4G, all these new big market bring infinitive chance to audio and video information industry.
Within 2005 and 2006, we achieved great progress in the field of solid laser research and application in China mainly including whole solid laser(DPSSL), deep UV laser, huge-sized high power and large energy laser, super fast laser, super strong and short pulse laser application and laser display, etc.
The key technical issues on DPSSL include LD array’s lightness, efficiency, life and cooling and so on were greatly solved in recent 2 years. Now the green light DPSSL with continuous output power >100W, with more than 200 continuous working hours, with totally home-made components and parts are conducted to mass production.
The other way to overcome the “heat effect” of solid laser is to develop the high power fibre laser. In July of 2006, the high average power(1.2 KW) fibre laser was developed in China, the optical –optical slope efficiency of which is up to 79.3% that presents a high rank worldwide.
A lot of progress have been made in Heat Capacity Laser, Fs Laser, Super Strong and Super Short Pulse Laser, Huge-sized High Power and Large Energy Laser, High Average Power Laser Crystal, etc. were made in last 2 years in China. The scientests got many valuabe research results in various areas. Some of them could be put into practice in the near future.
The latest development and application in field of radar technology of 2005 and 2006 are as follows. 1. Microwave remote sensing imaging radar: There were significant progresses in advanced airborne SAR equipment and application, multi- polarization and multi-frequency airborne SAR technology has been applied in topography mapping, L-band planet-carrier SAR technology has been applied in remote sensing planet, and S-band and X-band technology have also made advancement. The our airborne SAR technology approaches close to the international advanced level, but there is a gap on planet-carrier SAR technology in areas of multi-parameter and multi-mode technologies. 2. Detecting in air and space: Deep space detecting radar technology, intermediate and long range solid state phase array radar technology, digital phase array radar technology and optical phase array radar technology have made rapid progresses and reach the international advanced level.3. Weather radar: The new generation Doppler weather radar application, anemometric laser radar technology and vehicle-borne X-band full coherence Doppler polarization radar technology have achieved international advanced level.4.Other rader such as traffic control radar,. port surveillance radar has also reached the international advanced level.
Furthermore, other important development tendencies are dicussed which include the fields of microwave remote sensing imaging radar technology (SAR and ISAR), phase array radar technology in air and space detecting and multifunction integration and network radar technology.
There have been great developments in microwave technologies accompany with the expanding application of wireless communication and network. In the theoretical development section, the six major progressive areas in electromagnetic and microwave theories are introduced as follows: 1. Numerical methods as one of the major tools in electromagnetic and microwave theories, have obtained great development and extensive application. 2. Microwave integration technologies have achieved great progress towards high frequency, small dimension, high integration level, low cost device research and exclusive test as well as high frequency packaging technologies. 3. Antenna and array, radio wave propagation are focused on the topic of multiband/wideband mobile terminal antenna, reconfigurable antenna, UWB/SP antenna and MIMO antenna. 4. Terahertz (THz) Technologies own many superior characteristics and great theoretical and application importance, thus have attracted great attention and broad investigation worldwide. Progresses have been achieved in the vital high power radiation source and the application of time domain spectrum system in the detection area in China. 5. Novel artificial electromagnetic material, represented by metamaterial and EBG structures, have become pop research areas recently. 6. As the most advanced technology in spatial remote sensing area, microwave remote sensing can extract information from mass data of complex earth environment and have found wide application.
In the application progress section, multi antenna technology, RFID technology and RoF technology should be paid more attention on.
Microelectronics is one of the foundation technologies of information industry, and plays an important role in the domestic economy and national defense. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to it in China. The system including IC design, fabrication and package has been forming in China. Now it is estimated that the scale of the Chinese IC industry is the third largest one in the world.
Guided by Moore’s Law, the rapid pace of CMOS’ (Coupled Metal Oxide Semiconductor) scaling down is kept. The mass production of 65nm node has been achieved. At the same time, the process of 45nm node is in research and development. Furthermore, silicon (Si) wafer size has reached 12 inch in the prevailing processing, and 16 inch silicon single crystal has been successfully grown in Japan. The main stream of the IC industry in the 10～15 coming years is try to continue Moore’s Law, and at the same time, looking for new solutions to overstep it. On the other hand, increasing interest in and research of non-silicon technology have been stimulated.
The hot topics worldwide are focused on 45nm node, strained silicon for enhanced mobility, high k/metal–gate stacks，planar double-gate transistor, non planar double gate transistor (e.g. Fin Field Effect Transistor, FinFET) and non planar multiple-gate transistor, and so on.
Information has been changing our behavior modes and ways of thinking. The pervasive human-centered information services is the next target of communications networks. Wireless communications should free people from the shackles of communications equipment, making information pervasive and services available everywhere. A variety of wireless devices, including notebook computers, personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, portable media player and embedded sensors disseminate information between peoples, between people and the environment; Ubiquitous wireless networks are becoming an important part of a harmonious society.
The most representative domestic achievements of mobile telecommunications technology is related to the fourth-generation wireless technologies and mobile communications signal processing technologies in 2005-2006. Part of the fourth generation mobile communications research results are submitted through RITT in forms of dozens international standard proposals. More than 10 proposals were adopted. The research work resulted in nearly 200 patents, including:
• - Coordinated distributed wireless network and high-layer protocols: 31 patents
• - Broadband multi-carrier transmission and multiple access technologies: 55 patents;
• - Fully exploits space resources and MIMO wireless transmission technologies:26 patents;
• - Channel coding with channel capacity approaching and iterative receiver: 52 patents;
• - New antenna and RF technology: 20 patents.
The future development of wireless communications has the following trend:
• Mobile broadband and broadband mobile.
• The network integration, business integration and access integration for cellular and wireless access network is the main theme in the developing of communications.
• Based on the uniform IP-core network platform, Wireless communication systems will provide the pervasive services by the seamless handoff among the networks.
Information security has gone through in history three stages including COMSEC, INFOSEC and IA. In recent years, the concept of information security is changing meaningfully. All countries are regarding information security as the foundation of national security. The issues on information security in China not only involve the risks arising from the weakness of the basic information infrastructure, but also the political, economic, military, social, cultural and numerous other types of problems created by the misuse of information technology. In addition to confidentiality, integrity and availability of information and information systems, China begins to makes information content security a fundamental element, which shows that the concept of information security goes into a new development stage in China.
In recently, the trend of information security threat can be characterized as following: malicious code drastically showing diversification, insider threat increasing, security risk with outsourcing and supply chain emerging, software and hardware failure being potentially fatal hazard, and information security rising to a non-traditional security factor.
During the past years, the major advancements in information security technology includes: (1) MD5 and SHA-1 were broken; (2) China historically first publicized a cryptography algorithm called SMS4; (3) Commercial quantum cryptography products appeared; (4) Trusted computing technologies were born and developed fast; (5) Biometric identification technologies were broadly applied; (6) Network trust technologies were emphasized and supported by many countries; (7) WLAN security standards were put forward; (8) The security technologies with Next Generation Network based on IPv6 were thoroughly studied and gone into large-scale experiment.
The advance in information security technology also promoted the information security industry. In recent years, information security industry in China develops fast. But the shortcoming is also evident. Compare to other countries, we had reduce the technology gap largely and got some preponderant results, but independent and controllable technologies remain few.
In general, the development of information security technology will orient towards the following direction:
—— Meeting the strategic requirement of a sovereign state.
—— Turning passive protect to positive defense.
—— Taking trusted computing technology as a chance, innovating information security architecture.
—— Integrating various technologies into one product.
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